man/orig/netgraph

Материал из Xgu.ru

Перейти к: навигация, поиск

Не указан параметр (1)


NETGRAPH(4) FreeBSD Kernel Interfaces Manual NETGRAPH(4)

Содержание

[править] NAME

    netgraph — graph based kernel networking subsystem

[править] DESCRIPTION

    The netgraph system provides a uniform and modular system for the imple‐
    mentation of kernel objects which perform various networking functions.
    The objects, known as nodes, can be arranged into arbitrarily complicated
    graphs.  Nodes have hooks which are used to connect two nodes together,
    forming the edges in the graph.  Nodes communicate along the edges to
    process data, implement protocols, etc.
    The aim of netgraph is to supplement rather than replace the existing
    kernel networking infrastructure.  It provides:
    ·   A flexible way of combining protocol and link level drivers.
    ·   A modular way to implement new protocols.
    ·   A common framework for kernel entities to inter-communicate.
    ·   A reasonably fast, kernel-based implementation.
  Nodes and Types
    The most fundamental concept in netgraph is that of a node.  All nodes
    implement a number of predefined methods which allow them to interact
    with other nodes in a well defined manner.
    Each node has a type, which is a static property of the node determined
    at node creation time.  A node's type is described by a unique ASCII type
    name.  The type implies what the node does and how it may be connected to
    other nodes.
    In object-oriented language, types are classes, and nodes are instances
    of their respective class.  All node types are subclasses of the generic
    node type, and hence inherit certain common functionality and capabili‐
    ties (e.g., the ability to have an ASCII name).
    Nodes may be assigned a globally unique ASCII name which can be used to
    refer to the node.  The name must not contain the characters ‘.’ or ‘:’,
    and is limited to NG_NODESIZ characters (including the terminating NUL
    character).
    Each node instance has a unique ID number which is expressed as a 32-bit
    hexadecimal value.  This value may be used to refer to a node when there
    is no ASCII name assigned to it.
  Hooks
    Nodes are connected to other nodes by connecting a pair of hooks, one
    from each node.  Data flows bidirectionally between nodes along connected
    pairs of hooks.  A node may have as many hooks as it needs, and may
    assign whatever meaning it wants to a hook.
    Hooks have these properties:
    ·   A hook has an ASCII name which is unique among all hooks on that node
        (other hooks on other nodes may have the same name).  The name must
        not contain the characters ‘.’ or ‘:’, and is limited to NG_HOOKSIZ
        characters (including the terminating NUL character).
    ·   A hook is always connected to another hook.  That is, hooks are cre‐
        ated at the time they are connected, and breaking an edge by removing
        either hook destroys both hooks.
    ·   A hook can be set into a state where incoming packets are always
        queued by the input queueing system, rather than being delivered
        directly.  This can be used when the data is sent from an interrupt
        handler, and processing must be quick so as not to block other inter‐
        rupts.
    ·   A hook may supply overriding receive data and receive message func‐
        tions, which should be used for data and messages received through
        that hook in preference to the general node-wide methods.
    A node may decide to assign special meaning to some hooks.  For example,
    connecting to the hook named debug might trigger the node to start send‐
    ing debugging information to that hook.
  Data Flow
    Two types of information flow between nodes: data messages and control
    messages.  Data messages are passed in mbuf chains along the edges in the
    graph, one edge at a time.  The first mbuf in a chain must have the
    M_PKTHDR flag set.  Each node decides how to handle data received through
    one of its hooks.
    Along with data, nodes can also receive control messages.  There are
    generic and type-specific control messages.  Control messages have a com‐
    mon header format, followed by type-specific data, and are binary struc‐
    tures for efficiency.  However, node types may also support conversion of
    the type-specific data between binary and ASCII formats, for debugging
    and human interface purposes (see the NGM_ASCII2BINARY and
    NGM_BINARY2ASCII generic control messages below).  Nodes are not required
    to support these conversions.
    There are three ways to address a control message.  If there is a
    sequence of edges connecting the two nodes, the message may be “source
    routed” by specifying the corresponding sequence of ASCII hook names as
    the destination address for the message (relative addressing).  If the
    destination is adjacent to the source, then the source node may simply
    specify (as a pointer in the code) the hook across which the message
    should be sent.  Otherwise, the recipient node's global ASCII name (or
    equivalent ID-based name) is used as the destination address for the mes‐
    sage (absolute addressing).  The two types of ASCII addressing may be
    combined, by specifying an absolute start node and a sequence of hooks.
    Only the ASCII addressing modes are available to control programs outside
    the kernel; use of direct pointers is limited to kernel modules.
    Messages often represent commands that are followed by a reply message in
    the reverse direction.  To facilitate this, the recipient of a control
    message is supplied with a “return address” that is suitable for address‐
    ing a reply.
    Each control message contains a 32-bit value, called a “typecookie”,
    indicating the type of the message, i.e. how to interpret it.  Typically
    each type defines a unique typecookie for the messages that it under‐
    stands.  However, a node may choose to recognize and implement more than
    one type of messages.
    If a message is delivered to an address that implies that it arrived at
    that node through a particular hook (as opposed to having been directly
    addressed using its ID or global name) then that hook is identified to
    the receiving node.  This allows a message to be re-routed or passed on,
    should a node decide that this is required, in much the same way that
    data packets are passed around between nodes.  A set of standard messages
    for flow control and link management purposes are defined by the base
    system that are usually passed around in this manner.  Flow control mes‐
    sage would usually travel in the opposite direction to the data to which
    they pertain.
  Netgraph is (Usually) Functional
    In order to minimize latency, most netgraph operations are functional.
    That is, data and control messages are delivered by making function calls
    rather than by using queues and mailboxes.  For example, if node A wishes
    to send a data mbuf to neighboring node B, it calls the generic netgraph
    data delivery function.  This function in turn locates node B and calls
    B's “receive data” method.  There are exceptions to this.
    Each node has an input queue, and some operations can be considered to be
    writers in that they alter the state of the node.  Obviously, in an SMP
    world it would be bad if the state of a node were changed while another
    data packet were transiting the node.  For this purpose, the input queue
    implements a reader/writer semantic so that when there is a writer in the
    node, all other requests are queued, and while there are readers, a
    writer, and any following packets are queued.  In the case where there is
    no reason to queue the data, the input method is called directly, as men‐
    tioned above.
    A node may declare that all requests should be considered as writers, or
    that requests coming in over a particular hook should be considered to be
    a writer, or even that packets leaving or entering across a particular
    hook should always be queued, rather than delivered directly (often use‐
    ful for interrupt routines who want to get back to the hardware quickly).
    By default, all control message packets are considered to be writers
    unless specifically declared to be a reader in their definition.  (See
    NGM_READONLY in <ng_message.h>.)
    While this mode of operation results in good performance, it has a few
    implications for node developers:
    ·   Whenever a node delivers a data or control message, the node may need
        to allow for the possibility of receiving a returning message before
        the original delivery function call returns.
    ·   Netgraph provides internal synchronization between nodes.  Data
        always enters a “graph” at an edge node.  An edge node is a node that
        interfaces between netgraph and some other part of the system.  Exam‐
        ples of “edge nodes” include device drivers, the socket, ether, tty,
        and ksocket node type.  In these edge nodes, the calling thread
        directly executes code in the node, and from that code calls upon the
        netgraph framework to deliver data across some edge in the graph.
        From an execution point of view, the calling thread will execute the
        netgraph framework methods, and if it can acquire a lock to do so,
        the input methods of the next node.  This continues until either the
        data is discarded or queued for some device or system entity, or the
        thread is unable to acquire a lock on the next node.  In that case,
        the data is queued for the node, and execution rewinds back to the
        original calling entity.  The queued data will be picked up and pro‐
        cessed by either the current holder of the lock when they have com‐
        pleted their operations, or by a special netgraph thread that is
        activated when there are such items queued.
    ·   It is possible for an infinite loop to occur if the graph contains
        cycles.
    So far, these issues have not proven problematical in practice.
  Interaction with Other Parts of the Kernel
    A node may have a hidden interaction with other components of the kernel
    outside of the netgraph subsystem, such as device hardware, kernel proto‐
    col stacks, etc.  In fact, one of the benefits of netgraph is the ability
    to join disparate kernel networking entities together in a consistent
    communication framework.
    An example is the socket node type which is both a netgraph node and a
    socket(2) in the protocol family PF_NETGRAPH.  Socket nodes allow user
    processes to participate in netgraph.  Other nodes communicate with
    socket nodes using the usual methods, and the node hides the fact that it
    is also passing information to and from a cooperating user process.
    Another example is a device driver that presents a node interface to the
    hardware.
  Node Methods
    Nodes are notified of the following actions via function calls to the
    following node methods, and may accept or reject that action (by return‐
    ing the appropriate error code):
    Creation of a new node
        The constructor for the type is called.  If creation of a new node is
        allowed, constructor method may allocate any special resources it
        needs.  For nodes that correspond to hardware, this is typically done
        during the device attach routine.  Often a global ASCII name corre‐
        sponding to the device name is assigned here as well.
    Creation of a new hook
        The hook is created and tentatively linked to the node, and the node
        is told about the name that will be used to describe this hook.  The
        node sets up any special data structures it needs, or may reject the
        connection, based on the name of the hook.
    Successful connection of two hooks
        After both ends have accepted their hooks, and the links have been
        made, the nodes get a chance to find out who their peer is across the
        link, and can then decide to reject the connection.  Tear-down is
        automatic.  This is also the time at which a node may decide whether
        to set a particular hook (or its peer) into the queueing mode.
    Destruction of a hook
        The node is notified of a broken connection.  The node may consider
        some hooks to be critical to operation and others to be expendable:
        the disconnection of one hook may be an acceptable event while for
        another it may effect a total shutdown for the node.
    Preshutdown of a node
        This method is called before real shutdown, which is discussed below.
        While in this method, the node is fully operational and can send a
        “goodbye” message to its peers, or it can exclude itself from the
        chain and reconnect its peers together, like the ng_tee(4) node type
        does.
    Shutdown of a node
        This method allows a node to clean up and to ensure that any actions
        that need to be performed at this time are taken.  The method is
        called by the generic (i.e., superclass) node destructor which will
        get rid of the generic components of the node.  Some nodes (usually
        associated with a piece of hardware) may be persistent in that a
        shutdown breaks all edges and resets the node, but does not remove
        it.  In this case, the shutdown method should not free its resources,
        but rather, clean up and then call the NG_NODE_REVIVE() macro to sig‐
        nal the generic code that the shutdown is aborted.  In the case where
        the shutdown is started by the node itself due to hardware removal or
        unloading (via ng_rmnode_self()), it should set the NGF_REALLY_DIE
        flag to signal to its own shutdown method that it is not to persist.
  Sending and Receiving Data
    Two other methods are also supported by all nodes:
    Receive data message
        A netgraph queueable request item, usually referred to as an item, is
        received by this function.  The item contains a pointer to an mbuf.
        The node is notified on which hook the item has arrived, and can use
        this information in its processing decision.  The receiving node must
        always NG_FREE_M() the mbuf chain on completion or error, or pass it
        on to another node (or kernel module) which will then be responsible
        for freeing it.  Similarly, the item must be freed if it is not to be
        passed on to another node, by using the NG_FREE_ITEM() macro.  If the
        item still holds references to mbufs at the time of freeing then they
        will also be appropriately freed.  Therefore, if there is any chance
        that the mbuf will be changed or freed separately from the item, it
        is very important that it be retrieved using the NGI_GET_M() macro
        that also removes the reference within the item.  (Or multiple frees
        of the same object will occur.)
        If it is only required to examine the contents of the mbufs, then it
        is possible to use the NGI_M() macro to both read and rewrite mbuf
        pointer inside the item.
        If developer needs to pass any meta information along with the mbuf
        chain, he should use mbuf_tags(9) framework.  Note that old netgraph
        specific meta-data format is obsoleted now.
        The receiving node may decide to defer the data by queueing it in the
        netgraph NETISR system (see below).  It achieves this by setting the
        HK_QUEUE flag in the flags word of the hook on which that data will
        arrive.  The infrastructure will respect that bit and queue the data
        for delivery at a later time, rather than deliver it directly.  A
        node may decide to set the bit on the peer node, so that its own out‐
        put packets are queued.
        The node may elect to nominate a different receive data function for
        data received on a particular hook, to simplify coding.  It uses the
        NG_HOOK_SET_RCVDATA(hook, fn) macro to do this.  The function
        receives the same arguments in every way other than it will receive
        all (and only) packets from that hook.
    Receive control message
        This method is called when a control message is addressed to the
        node.  As with the received data, an item is received, with a pointer
        to the control message.  The message can be examined using the
        NGI_MSG() macro, or completely extracted from the item using the
        NGI_GET_MSG() which also removes the reference within the item.  If
        the item still holds a reference to the message when it is freed
        (using the NG_FREE_ITEM() macro), then the message will also be freed
        appropriately.  If the reference has been removed, the node must free
        the message itself using the NG_FREE_MSG() macro.  A return address
        is always supplied, giving the address of the node that originated
        the message so a reply message can be sent anytime later.  The return
        address is retrieved from the item using the NGI_RETADDR() macro and
        is of type ng_ID_t.  All control messages and replies are allocated
        with the malloc(9) type M_NETGRAPH_MSG, however it is more convenient
        to use the NG_MKMESSAGE() and NG_MKRESPONSE() macros to allocate and
        fill out a message.  Messages must be freed using the NG_FREE_MSG()
        macro.
        If the message was delivered via a specific hook, that hook will also
        be made known, which allows the use of such things as flow-control
        messages, and status change messages, where the node may want to for‐
        ward the message out another hook to that on which it arrived.
        The node may elect to nominate a different receive message function
        for messages received on a particular hook, to simplify coding.  It
        uses the NG_HOOK_SET_RCVMSG(hook, fn) macro to do this.  The function
        receives the same arguments in every way other than it will receive
        all (and only) messages from that hook.
    Much use has been made of reference counts, so that nodes being freed of
    all references are automatically freed, and this behaviour has been
    tested and debugged to present a consistent and trustworthy framework for
    the “type module” writer to use.
  Addressing
    The netgraph framework provides an unambiguous and simple to use method
    of specifically addressing any single node in the graph.  The naming of a
    node is independent of its type, in that another node, or external compo‐
    nent need not know anything about the node's type in order to address it
    so as to send it a generic message type.  Node and hook names should be
    chosen so as to make addresses meaningful.
    Addresses are either absolute or relative.  An absolute address begins
    with a node name or ID, followed by a colon, followed by a sequence of
    hook names separated by periods.  This addresses the node reached by
    starting at the named node and following the specified sequence of hooks.
    A relative address includes only the sequence of hook names, implicitly
    starting hook traversal at the local node.
    There are a couple of special possibilities for the node name.  The name
    ‘.’ (referred to as ‘.:’) always refers to the local node.  Also, nodes
    that have no global name may be addressed by their ID numbers, by enclos‐
    ing the hexadecimal representation of the ID number within the square
    brackets.  Here are some examples of valid netgraph addresses:
          .:
          [3f]:
          foo:
          .:hook1
          foo:hook1.hook2
          [d80]:hook1
    The following set of nodes might be created for a site with a single
    physical frame relay line having two active logical DLCI channels, with
    RFC 1490 frames on DLCI 16 and PPP frames over DLCI 20:
    [type SYNC ]                  [type FRAME]                 [type RFC1490]
    [ "Frame1" ](uplink)<-->(data)[<un-named>](dlci16)<-->(mux)[<un-named>  ]
    [    A     ]                  [    B     ](dlci20)<---+    [     C      ]
                                                          |
                                                          |      [ type PPP ]
                                                          +>(mux)[<un-named>]
                                                                 [    D     ]
    One could always send a control message to node C from anywhere by using
    the name “Frame1:uplink.dlci16”.  In this case, node C would also be
    notified that the message reached it via its hook mux.  Similarly,
    “Frame1:uplink.dlci20” could reliably be used to reach node D, and node A
    could refer to node B as “.:uplink”, or simply “uplink”.  Conversely, B
    can refer to A as “data”.  The address “mux.data” could be used by both
    nodes C and D to address a message to node A.
    Note that this is only for control messages.  In each of these cases,
    where a relative addressing mode is used, the recipient is notified of
    the hook on which the message arrived, as well as the originating node.
    This allows the option of hop-by-hop distribution of messages and state
    information.  Data messages are only routed one hop at a time, by speci‐
    fying the departing hook, with each node making the next routing deci‐
    sion.  So when B receives a frame on hook data, it decodes the frame
    relay header to determine the DLCI, and then forwards the unwrapped frame
    to either C or D.
    In a similar way, flow control messages may be routed in the reverse
    direction to outgoing data.  For example a “buffer nearly full” message
    from “Frame1:” would be passed to node B which might decide to send simi‐
    lar messages to both nodes C and D.  The nodes would use direct hook
    pointer addressing to route the messages.  The message may have travelled
    from “Frame1:” to B as a synchronous reply, saving time and cycles.
  Netgraph Structures
    Structures are defined in <netgraph/netgraph.h> (for kernel structures
    only of interest to nodes) and <netgraph/ng_message.h> (for message defi‐
    nitions also of interest to user programs).
    The two basic object types that are of interest to node authors are nodes
    and hooks.  These two objects have the following properties that are also
    of interest to the node writers.
    struct ng_node
        Node authors should always use the following typedef to declare their
        pointers, and should never actually declare the structure.
        typedef struct ng_node *node_p;
        The following properties are associated with a node, and can be
        accessed in the following manner:
        Validity
            A driver or interrupt routine may want to check whether the node
            is still valid.  It is assumed that the caller holds a reference
            on the node so it will not have been freed, however it may have
            been disabled or otherwise shut down.  Using the
            NG_NODE_IS_VALID(node) macro will return this state.  Eventually
            it should be almost impossible for code to run in an invalid node
            but at this time that work has not been completed.
        Node ID (ng_ID_t)
            This property can be retrieved using the macro NG_NODE_ID(node).
        Node name
            Optional globally unique name, NUL terminated string.  If there
            is a value in here, it is the name of the node.
                  if (NG_NODE_NAME(node)[0] != '\0') ...
                  if (strcmp(NG_NODE_NAME(node), "fred") == 0) ...
        A node dependent opaque cookie
            Anything of the pointer type can be placed here.  The macros
            NG_NODE_SET_PRIVATE(node, value) and NG_NODE_PRIVATE(node) set
            and retrieve this property, respectively.
        Number of hooks
            The NG_NODE_NUMHOOKS(node) macro is used to retrieve this value.
        Hooks
            The node may have a number of hooks.  A traversal method is pro‐
            vided to allow all the hooks to be tested for some condition.
            NG_NODE_FOREACH_HOOK(node, fn, arg, rethook) where fn is a func‐
            tion that will be called for each hook with the form fn(hook,
            arg) and returning 0 to terminate the search.  If the search is
            terminated, then rethook will be set to the hook at which the
            search was terminated.
    struct ng_hook
        Node authors should always use the following typedef to declare their
        hook pointers.
        typedef struct ng_hook *hook_p;
        The following properties are associated with a hook, and can be
        accessed in the following manner:
        A hook dependent opaque cookie
            Anything of the pointer type can be placed here.  The macros
            NG_HOOK_SET_PRIVATE(hook, value) and NG_HOOK_PRIVATE(hook) set
            and retrieve this property, respectively.
        An associate node
            The macro NG_HOOK_NODE(hook) finds the associated node.
        A peer hook (hook_p)
            The other hook in this connected pair.  The NG_HOOK_PEER(hook)
            macro finds the peer.
        References
            The NG_HOOK_REF(hook) and NG_HOOK_UNREF(hook) macros increment
            and decrement the hook reference count accordingly.  After decre‐
            ment you should always assume the hook has been freed unless you
            have another reference still valid.
        Override receive functions
            The NG_HOOK_SET_RCVDATA(hook, fn) and NG_HOOK_SET_RCVMSG(hook,
            fn) macros can be used to set override methods that will be used
            in preference to the generic receive data and receive message
            functions.  To unset these, use the macros to set them to NULL.
            They will only be used for data and messages received on the hook
            on which they are set.
        The maintenance of the names, reference counts, and linked list of
        hooks for each node is handled automatically by the netgraph subsys‐
        tem.  Typically a node's private info contains a back-pointer to the
        node or hook structure, which counts as a new reference that must be
        included in the reference count for the node.  When the node con‐
        structor is called, there is already a reference for this calculated
        in, so that when the node is destroyed, it should remember to do a
        NG_NODE_UNREF() on the node.
        From a hook you can obtain the corresponding node, and from a node,
        it is possible to traverse all the active hooks.
        A current example of how to define a node can always be seen in
        src/sys/netgraph/ng_sample.c and should be used as a starting point
        for new node writers.
  Netgraph Message Structure
    Control messages have the following structure:
    #define NG_CMDSTRSIZ    32      /* Max command string (including nul) */
    struct ng_mesg {
      struct ng_msghdr {
        u_char      version;        /* Must equal NG_VERSION */
        u_char      spare;          /* Pad to 2 bytes */
        u_short     arglen;         /* Length of cmd/resp data */
        u_long      flags;          /* Message status flags */
        u_long      token;          /* Reply should have the same token */
        u_long      typecookie;     /* Node type understanding this message */
        u_long      cmd;            /* Command identifier */
        u_char      cmdstr[NG_CMDSTRSIZ]; /* Cmd string (for debug) */
      } header;
      char  data[0];                /* Start of cmd/resp data */
    };
    #define NG_ABI_VERSION  5               /* Netgraph kernel ABI version */
    #define NG_VERSION      4               /* Netgraph message version */
    #define NGF_ORIG        0x0000          /* Command */
    #define NGF_RESP        0x0001          /* Response */
    Control messages have the fixed header shown above, followed by a vari‐
    able length data section which depends on the type cookie and the com‐
    mand.  Each field is explained below:
    version
            Indicates the version of the netgraph message protocol itself.
            The current version is NG_VERSION.
    arglen  This is the length of any extra arguments, which begin at data.
    flags   Indicates whether this is a command or a response control mes‐
            sage.
    token   The token is a means by which a sender can match a reply message
            to the corresponding command message; the reply always has the
            same token.
    typecookie
            The corresponding node type's unique 32-bit value.  If a node
            does not recognize the type cookie it must reject the message by
            returning EINVAL.
            Each type should have an include file that defines the commands,
            argument format, and cookie for its own messages.  The typecookie
            ensures that the same header file was included by both sender and
            receiver; when an incompatible change in the header file is made,
            the typecookie must be changed.  The de-facto method for generat‐
            ing unique type cookies is to take the seconds from the Epoch at
            the time the header file is written (i.e., the output of “date -u
            +%s”).
            There is a predefined typecookie NGM_GENERIC_COOKIE for the
            generic node type, and a corresponding set of generic messages
            which all nodes understand.  The handling of these messages is
            automatic.
    cmd     The identifier for the message command.  This is type specific,
            and is defined in the same header file as the typecookie.
    cmdstr  Room for a short human readable version of command (for debugging
            purposes only).
    Some modules may choose to implement messages from more than one of the
    header files and thus recognize more than one type cookie.
  Control Message ASCII Form
    Control messages are in binary format for efficiency.  However, for
    debugging and human interface purposes, and if the node type supports it,
    control messages may be converted to and from an equivalent ASCII form.
    The ASCII form is similar to the binary form, with two exceptions:
    1.   The cmdstr header field must contain the ASCII name of the command,
         corresponding to the cmd header field.
    2.   The arguments field contains a NUL-terminated ASCII string version
         of the message arguments.
    In general, the arguments field of a control message can be any arbitrary
    C data type.  Netgraph includes parsing routines to support some pre-
    defined datatypes in ASCII with this simple syntax:
    ·   Integer types are represented by base 8, 10, or 16 numbers.
    ·   Strings are enclosed in double quotes and respect the normal C lan‐
        guage backslash escapes.
    ·   IP addresses have the obvious form.
    ·   Arrays are enclosed in square brackets, with the elements listed con‐
        secutively starting at index zero.  An element may have an optional
        index and equals sign (‘=’) preceding it.  Whenever an element does
        not have an explicit index, the index is implicitly the previous ele‐
        ment's index plus one.
    ·   Structures are enclosed in curly braces, and each field is specified
        in the form fieldname=value.
    ·   Any array element or structure field whose value is equal to its
        “default value” may be omitted.  For integer types, the default value
        is usually zero; for string types, the empty string.
    ·   Array elements and structure fields may be specified in any order.
    Each node type may define its own arbitrary types by providing the neces‐
    sary routines to parse and unparse.  ASCII forms defined for a specific
    node type are documented in the corresponding man page.
  Generic Control Messages
    There are a number of standard predefined messages that will work for any
    node, as they are supported directly by the framework itself.  These are
    defined in <netgraph/ng_message.h> along with the basic layout of mes‐
    sages and other similar information.
    NGM_CONNECT
            Connect to another node, using the supplied hook names on either
            end.
    NGM_MKPEER
            Construct a node of the given type and then connect to it using
            the supplied hook names.
    NGM_SHUTDOWN
            The target node should disconnect from all its neighbours and
            shut down.  Persistent nodes such as those representing physical
            hardware might not disappear from the node namespace, but only
            reset themselves.  The node must disconnect all of its hooks.
            This may result in neighbors shutting themselves down, and possi‐
            bly a cascading shutdown of the entire connected graph.
    NGM_NAME
            Assign a name to a node.  Nodes can exist without having a name,
            and this is the default for nodes created using the NGM_MKPEER
            method.  Such nodes can only be addressed relatively or by their
            ID number.
    NGM_RMHOOK
            Ask the node to break a hook connection to one of its neighbours.
            Both nodes will have their “disconnect” method invoked.  Either
            node may elect to totally shut down as a result.
    NGM_NODEINFO
            Asks the target node to describe itself.  The four returned
            fields are the node name (if named), the node type, the node ID
            and the number of hooks attached.  The ID is an internal number
            unique to that node.
    NGM_LISTHOOKS
            This returns the information given by NGM_NODEINFO, but in addi‐
            tion includes an array of fields describing each link, and the
            description for the node at the far end of that link.
    NGM_LISTNAMES
            This returns an array of node descriptions (as for NGM_NODEINFO)
            where each entry of the array describes a named node.  All named
            nodes will be described.
    NGM_LISTNODES
            This is the same as NGM_LISTNAMES except that all nodes are
            listed regardless of whether they have a name or not.
    NGM_LISTTYPES
            This returns a list of all currently installed netgraph types.
    NGM_TEXT_STATUS
            The node may return a text formatted status message.  The status
            information is determined entirely by the node type.  It is the
            only “generic” message that requires any support within the node
            itself and as such the node may elect to not support this mes‐
            sage.  The text response must be less than NG_TEXTRESPONSE bytes
            in length (presently 1024).  This can be used to return general
            status information in human readable form.
    NGM_BINARY2ASCII
            This message converts a binary control message to its ASCII form.
            The entire control message to be converted is contained within
            the arguments field of the NGM_BINARY2ASCII message itself.  If
            successful, the reply will contain the same control message in
            ASCII form.  A node will typically only know how to translate
            messages that it itself understands, so the target node of the
            NGM_BINARY2ASCII is often the same node that would actually
            receive that message.
    NGM_ASCII2BINARY
            The opposite of NGM_BINARY2ASCII.  The entire control message to
            be converted, in ASCII form, is contained in the arguments sec‐
            tion of the NGM_ASCII2BINARY and need only have the flags,
            cmdstr, and arglen header fields filled in, plus the
            NUL-terminated string version of the arguments in the arguments
            field.  If successful, the reply contains the binary version of
            the control message.
  Flow Control Messages
    In addition to the control messages that affect nodes with respect to the
    graph, there are also a number of flow control messages defined.  At
    present these are not handled automatically by the system, so nodes need
    to handle them if they are going to be used in a graph utilising flow
    control, and will be in the likely path of these messages.  The default
    action of a node that does not understand these messages should be to
    pass them onto the next node.  Hopefully some helper functions will
    assist in this eventually.  These messages are also defined in
    <netgraph/ng_message.h> and have a separate cookie NG_FLOW_COOKIE to help
    identify them.  They will not be covered in depth here.

[править] INITIALIZATION

    The base netgraph code may either be statically compiled into the kernel
    or else loaded dynamically as a KLD via kldload(8).  In the former case,
    include
          options NETGRAPH
    in your kernel configuration file.  You may also include selected node
    types in the kernel compilation, for example:
          options NETGRAPH
          options NETGRAPH_SOCKET
          options NETGRAPH_ECHO
    Once the netgraph subsystem is loaded, individual node types may be
    loaded at any time as KLD modules via kldload(8).  Moreover, netgraph
    knows how to automatically do this; when a request to create a new node
    of unknown type type is made, netgraph will attempt to load the KLD mod‐
    ule ng_⟨type⟩.ko.
    Types can also be installed at boot time, as certain device drivers may
    want to export each instance of the device as a netgraph node.
    In general, new types can be installed at any time from within the kernel
    by calling ng_newtype(), supplying a pointer to the type's struct ng_type
    structure.
    The NETGRAPH_INIT() macro automates this process by using a linker set.

[править] EXISTING NODE TYPES

    Several node types currently exist.  Each is fully documented in its own
    man page:
    SOCKET  The socket type implements two new sockets in the new protocol
            domain PF_NETGRAPH.  The new sockets protocols are NG_DATA and
            NG_CONTROL, both of type SOCK_DGRAM.  Typically one of each is
            associated with a socket node.  When both sockets have closed,
            the node will shut down.  The NG_DATA socket is used for sending
            and receiving data, while the NG_CONTROL socket is used for send‐
            ing and receiving control messages.  Data and control messages
            are passed using the sendto(2) and recvfrom(2) system calls,
            using a struct sockaddr_ng socket address.
    HOLE    Responds only to generic messages and is a “black hole” for data.
            Useful for testing.  Always accepts new hooks.
    ECHO    Responds only to generic messages and always echoes data back
            through the hook from which it arrived.  Returns any non-generic
            messages as their own response.  Useful for testing.  Always
            accepts new hooks.
    TEE     This node is useful for “snooping”.  It has 4 hooks: left, right,
            left2right, and right2left.  Data entering from the right is
            passed to the left and duplicated on right2left, and data enter‐
            ing from the left is passed to the right and duplicated on
            left2right.  Data entering from left2right is sent to the right
            and data from right2left to left.
    RFC1490 MUX
            Encapsulates/de-encapsulates frames encoded according to RFC 1490.  Has a hook for the encapsulated packets (downstream) and
            one hook for each protocol (i.e., IP, PPP, etc.).
    FRAME RELAY MUX
            Encapsulates/de-encapsulates Frame Relay frames.  Has a hook for
            the encapsulated packets (downstream) and one hook for each DLCI.
    FRAME RELAY LMI
            Automatically handles frame relay “LMI” (link management inter‐
            face) operations and packets.  Automatically probes and detects
            which of several LMI standards is in use at the exchange.
    TTY     This node is also a line discipline.  It simply converts between
            mbuf frames and sequential serial data, allowing a TTY to appear
            as a netgraph node.  It has a programmable “hotkey” character.
    ASYNC   This node encapsulates and de-encapsulates asynchronous frames
            according to RFC 1662.  This is used in conjunction with the TTY
            node type for supporting PPP links over asynchronous serial
            lines.
    ETHERNET
            This node is attached to every Ethernet interface in the system.
            It allows capturing raw Ethernet frames from the network, as well
            as sending frames out of the interface.
    INTERFACE
            This node is also a system networking interface.  It has hooks
            representing each protocol family (IP, AppleTalk, IPX, etc.) and
            appears in the output of ifconfig(8).  The interfaces are named
            “ng0”, “ng1”, etc.
    ONE2MANY
            This node implements a simple round-robin multiplexer.  It can be
            used for example to make several LAN ports act together to get a
            higher speed link between two machines.
    Various PPP related nodes
            There is a full multilink PPP implementation that runs in
            netgraph.  The net/mpd port can use these modules to make a very
            low latency high capacity PPP system.  It also supports PPTP VPNs
            using the PPTP node.
    PPPOE   A server and client side implementation of PPPoE.  Used in con‐
            junction with either ppp(8) or the net/mpd port.
    BRIDGE  This node, together with the Ethernet nodes, allows a very flexi‐
            ble bridging system to be implemented.
    KSOCKET
            This intriguing node looks like a socket to the system but
            diverts all data to and from the netgraph system for further pro‐
            cessing.  This allows such things as UDP tunnels to be almost
            trivially implemented from the command line.
    Refer to the section at the end of this man page for more nodes types.

[править] NOTES

    Whether a named node exists can be checked by trying to send a control
    message to it (e.g., NGM_NODEINFO).  If it does not exist, ENOENT will be
    returned.
    All data messages are mbuf chains with the M_PKTHDR flag set.
    Nodes are responsible for freeing what they allocate.  There are three
    exceptions:
    1.   Mbufs sent across a data link are never to be freed by the sender.
         In the case of error, they should be considered freed.
    2.   Messages sent using one of NG_SEND_MSG_*() family macros are freed
         by the recipient.  As in the case above, the addresses associated
         with the message are freed by whatever allocated them so the recipi‐
         ent should copy them if it wants to keep that information.
    3.   Both control messages and data are delivered and queued with a
         netgraph item.  The item must be freed using NG_FREE_ITEM(item) or
         passed on to another node.

[править] FILES

    <netgraph/netgraph.h>
            Definitions for use solely within the kernel by netgraph nodes.
    <netgraph/ng_message.h>
            Definitions needed by any file that needs to deal with netgraph
            messages.
    <netgraph/ng_socket.h>
            Definitions needed to use netgraph socket type nodes.
    <netgraph/ng_>⟨type⟩.h
            Definitions needed to use netgraph type nodes, including the type
            cookie definition.
    /boot/kernel/netgraph.ko
            The netgraph subsystem loadable KLD module.
    /boot/kernel/ng_⟨type⟩.ko
            Loadable KLD module for node type type.
    src/sys/netgraph/ng_sample.c
            Skeleton netgraph node.  Use this as a starting point for new
            node types.

[править] USER MODE SUPPORT

    There is a library for supporting user-mode programs that wish to inter‐
    act with the netgraph system.  See netgraph(3) for details.
    Two user-mode support programs, ngctl(8) and nghook(8), are available to
    assist manual configuration and debugging.
    There are a few useful techniques for debugging new node types.  First,
    implementing new node types in user-mode first makes debugging easier.
    The tee node type is also useful for debugging, especially in conjunction
    with ngctl(8) and nghook(8).
    Also look in /usr/share/examples/netgraph for solutions to several common
    networking problems, solved using netgraph.

[править] SEE ALSO

socket(2) • netgraph(3) • ng_async(4) • ng_atm(4) • ng_atmllc(4) • ng_bluetooth(4) • ng_bpf(4) • ng_bridge(4) • ng_bt3c(4) • ng_btsocket(4) • ng_cisco(4) • ng_device(4) • ng_echo(4) • ng_eiface(4) • ng_etf(4) • ng_ether(4) • ng_fec(4) • ng_frame_relay(4) • ng_gif(4) • ng_gif_demux(4) • ng_h4(4) • ng_hci(4) • ng_hole(4) • ng_hub(4) • ng_iface(4) • ng_ip_input(4) • ng_ksocket(4) • ng_l2cap(4) • ng_l2tp(4) • ng_lmi(4) • ng_mppc(4) • ng_netflow(4) • ng_one2many(4) • ng_ppp(4) • ng_pppoe(4) • ng_pptpgre(4) • ng_rfc1490(4) • ng_socket(4) • ng_split(4) • ng_sppp(4) • ng_sscfu(4) • ng_sscop(4) • ng_tee(4) • ng_tty(4) • ng_ubt(4) • ng_UI(4) • ng_uni(4) • ng_vjc(4) • ng_vlan(4) • ngctl(8) • nghook(8)

[править] HISTORY

    The netgraph system was designed and first implemented at Whistle Commu‐
    nications, Inc. in a version of FreeBSD 2.2 customized for the Whistle
    InterJet.  It first made its debut in the main tree in FreeBSD 3.4.

[править] AUTHORS

    Julian Elischer <julian@FreeBSD.org>, with contributions by Archie Cobbs
    <archie@FreeBSD.org>.

FreeBSD 9.0 May 25, 2008 FreeBSD 9.0

Шаблон:netgraph